Every morning, many of us wake up and travel to work with various modes of transportation. We travel in cars, bicycles, trains, buses, and other miscellaneous vehicles. Some go to school, others work and the rest do various things through out the day. I can continue on to name different things we all do through out the day, and every single thing is affected by engineering. Engineering can be defined as a branch of science that incorporates science and technology to create practically anything. In this course we have talked about various structures, including bridges, historical and religious buildings, and other various architect through the centuries. All of the ingenuity and thinking that went into the creation of these structures deals with engineering. Two particular structures we analyzed were the Golden Gate Bridge and the Brooklyn Bridge. Both were huge accomplishments in the field of engineering and they show the technological advances that engineering has made over time.
Tohono O’odham Nation
The Tohono O’odham Nation has been treated unfairly since the Gadsden purchase of 1853. Their land was cut in half when the U.S. and Mexico border was created, and were forced onto a reservation after violently getting pushed out of Mexico. Ranchers began taking up the Southern Arizona grasslands to feed their cattle and directly competing with the O’odham farmers. Armed conflicts constantly occurred with Mexican citizens and the Tohono tribe, on the U.S. border farmers constantly complained about the Tohono cutting their fences.
The Tohono O’odham Nation was eventually granted three million acres to the West of Tucson, Arizona. After facing constant adversity the people of the Tohono O’odham Nation were able preserve their traditions and gatherings while building up a community. The Tohono O’odham Nation were able to create their own sovereign government, but in the mid-1980s tribal lawyers discovered the Winters Doctrine that gave the tribe most of the groundwater in the Santa Cruz Valley. The city of Tuscon relied heavily on well water and constantly bought farmland to get access to more groundwater. Eventually the federal government gave the Tohono O’odham Nation thousands of acres feet of water from the Central Arizona Project.
Ethically speaking, I do not believe the Tohono O’odham tribe was completely compensated for their losses when the U.S. annexed their land in the Gadsden purchase. I think they were fairly treated when they received three million acres dedicated to them. I believe the U.S. government also severely hindered the ability of the Tohono O’odham to establish a stable community. Ranchers constantly allowed cattle to graze on their lands, they received little help when being constantly raided by Apache warriors and also by Mexican citizens.
Other Large Sacred Structures
Historical Structures (history) Please see attached link for document.