I am taking engineering 101 this semester so I know that the definition of engineering encompasses many different sections like chemical, structural and electrical, applying science to actual use. From this course specifically we have been discussing civil engineering, applying science and math to buildings and waterways and or systems. It has been really interesting to see the structures and systems from the past, and discussing how sophisticated some of them were, still people question how, without modern day tools, these structures were built and still standing. Civil engineering has obviously been the theme for the majority of our modules so far. Really the only module that did not involve engineering was the module on Thanksgiving. Discussing the significance of the size and design of the bridges especially for the era that they were built in. The same goes for the module on the Aztecs and the incredible structures they were capable of building with no present day architectural tools. Now moving to talking about the sophisticated irrigation systems that the Hohokam built, still encompassing civil engineering.
Define Engineering
Defining engineering is kind of difficult because it can have multiple definitions based on it’s usage. If I were to define based on what we have learned from this class I would define it as developing and designing of structures using math and sciences. Even on of the first modules we started working on was the first thanksgiving. When settlers came to the land they had to engineer it for them to be able to survive. Even it wasn’t engineering structures they still had to be design the land to be sufficient. Before this class if I was to think of engineering I would describe it as building skyscrapers and bridges. There’s is tons of land structures that it takes engineering to design. Some of these things can be crops and how they are planted along the land. Also, how water can be used efficiently on the land to be resourceful. To be able to design such features it takes lots of collaboration of ideas and not just one person can do this by them-self it really is a team effort between people.
Native Water
Throughout my research on this subject, I infer that the Tohono O’odham tribe has been well taken care of since their losses since being annexed by the United States. Prior to 1853, the Tohono O’odham tribe members lived in Southern Arizona and many in northern parts of Mexico. This tribe, as well as many others, were quiet and kept to themselves. They were a peaceful group in comparison to their neighbors. Then, in 1853, the United States annexed their lands away, in a trade known as the Gadsen Purchase.
Since the devastation this event caused, the Tohono O’odham tribe have been trying to build themselves back up from tragedy– including trying to regain ownership of some of their land. A few of the articles explained how the tribe wanted to be isolated from all other federal/state authority within the state of Arizona. This type of fight against the state is allowing the tribe to maintain parts of their tribal traditions. However, the Tohono O’odham tribe fought to regain their way of life, and the United States government compensated them with a few freedoms that were taken from them back in 1853. The government allotted a fund for the tribe to develop improved water storage and delivery systems, and agreed to supply them with a certain ration of water per year. Also, they have agreed to give the tribe additional lands to promote a better-built environment for the members of the tribe. I would agree that the government has compensated the tribe adequately for present times by granting them land, water, and resources similar to what they lost; given that the Gadsen Purchase was done over 100 years ago.
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